“[My time at ACA] prepared me very well for the position that I took following that with the State Department, where I then implemented and helped to implement many of the policies that we tried to promote.”
U.S. and Russian/Soviet Strategic Nuclear Forces
Since START I entered into force December 5, 1994, the treaty parties have substantially reduced their deployed strategic nuclear forces to comply with treaty limits that must be reached by December 2001. START I will limit the United States and Russia to 1,600 deployed strategic delivery vehicles (bombers and land- and submarine-based missiles) carrying 6,000 nuclear warheads, to be counted according to rules delineated in the treaty text.
START I was signed July 31, 1991, by the United States and the Soviet Union. Five months later, the Soviet Union dissolved, leaving four independent states in possession of strategic nuclear weapons: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. On May 23, 1992, the United States and the four nuclear-capable successor states to the Soviet Union signed the "Lisbon Protocol," which makes all five nations party to the START I agreement. (Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan also agreed to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as non-nuclear-weapon states.)
Under START I, the five parties semiannually exchange memoranda of understanding (MOUs) containing numbers, types, and locations of treaty-accountable strategic nuclear weapons. The tables below compare information from the initial September 1990 MOU with data from the January 2001 MOU, demonstrating the progress the parties have made.
Soviet/Russian numbers for 1990 apply to the Soviet Union, while current numbers are provided separately for Russia and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine have transferred all of their nuclear warheads to Russia, but Ukraine continues to dismantle associated delivery vehicles and hence has "START-accountable" weapons on its territory.
—For more information, contact Philipp C. Bleek.
| Delivery Vehicles | Warheads | ||||
| September 1990 | January 2001 | September 1990 | January 2001 | ||
| ICBMs | |||||
| MX/Peacekeeper | 50 | 500 | 500 | 500 | |
| Minuteman III | 500 | 550 | 1,500 | 1,650 | |
| Minuteman II | 450 | 1 | 450 | 1 | |
| Subtotal | 1,000 | 601 | 2,450 | 2,151 | |
| SLBMs | |||||
| Poseidon (C-3) | 192 | 16 | 1,920 | 160 | |
| Trident I (C-4) | 384 | 192 | 3,072 | 1,536 | |
| Trident II (D-5) | 96 | 240 | 768 | 1,920 | |
| Subtotal | 672 | 448 | 5,760 | 3,616 | |
| Bombers | |||||
| B-52 (ACLM) | 189 | 137 | 1,968 | 1,370 | |
| B-52 (Non-ALCM) | 290 | 47 | 290 | 47 | |
| B-1 | 95 | 91 | 95 | 91 | |
| B-2 | — | 20 | — | 20 | |
| Subtotal | 574 | 295 | 2,353 | 1,528 | |
| Total | 2,246 | 1,344 | 10,563 | 7,295 | |
| Delivery Vehicles | Warheads | ||||
| September 19901 | January 20012 | September 19901 | January 20012 | ||
| ICBMs | |||||
| SS-11 | 326 | 0 | 326 | 0 | |
| SS-13 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 0 | |
| SS-17 | 47 | 0 | 188 | 0 | |
| SS-18 | 308 | 174 | 3,080 | 1,740 | |
| SS-19 | 300 | 150 | 1,800 | 900 | |
| SS-24 (silo) | 56 | 6 | 560 | 60 | |
| SS-24 (rail) | 33 | 36 | 330 | 360 | |
| SS-25 | 288 | 360 | 288 | 360 | |
| SS-273(silo) | — | 24 | — | 24 | |
| SS-28 (road) | — | — | — | — | |
| Subtotal | 1,398 | 750 | 6,612 | 3,444 | |
| SLBMs | |||||
| SS-N-6 | 192 | 0 | 192 | 0 | |
| SS-N-8 | 280 | 48 | 280 | 48 | |
| SS-N-17 | 12 | 0 | 280 | 48 | |
| SS-N-18 | 224 | 176 | 672 | 528 | |
| SS-N-20 | 120 | 100 | 1,200 | 1,000 | |
| SS-N-23 | 112 | 112 | 448 | 448 | |
| Subtotal | 940 | 436 | 2,804 | 2,024 | |
| Bombers | |||||
| Bear (ALCM) | 84 | 63 | 672 | 504 | |
| Bear (Non-ALCM) | 63 | 2 | 63 | 2 | |
| Blackjack | 15 | 15 | 120 | 120 | |
| Subtotal | 162 | 80 | 855 | 626 | |
| Total | 2,500 | 1,266 | 10,271 | 6,094 | |
| January 2001 | Delivery Vehicles | Warheads4 |
| ICBMS | ||
| SS-24 | 16 | 160 |
| Bombers | ||
| Bear (ALCM) | 5 | 40 |
| Blackjack | 1 | 8 |
| Total | 22 | 208 |
Key: ICBM: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, SLBM: Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile, ALCM: Air-Launched Cruise Missile
NOTES:
1. Includes weapons in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan.2. Weapons in Russia only.
3. Also known as the TOPOL-M or RS-12M Variant 2 ICBM.
4. Even though all nuclear warheads from Ukraine have been transported to Russia, they remain START accountable until their associated delivery systems have been destroyed.
Sources: START I Memorandum of Understanding, September 1, 1990; START I Memorandum of Understanding, January 31, 2001; Arms Control Association.