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Delegations of the governments of the United States of America
(U.S.) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
(DPRK) held talks in Geneva from September 23 to October 21,
1994, to negotiate an overall resolution of the nuclear issue
on the Korean Peninsula.
Both sides reaffirmed the importance of attaining the objectives
contained in the August 12, 1994 Agreed Statement between
the U.S. and the DPRK and upholding the principles of the
June 11, 1993 Joint Statement of the U.S. and the DPRK to
achieve peace and security on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula.
The U.S. and the DPRK decided to take the following actions
for the resolution of the nuclear issue:
I. Both sides will cooperate to replace the DPRK’s
graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities with light-water
reactor (LWR) power plants.
1) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance
from the U.S. President, the U.S. will undertake to make
arrangements for the provision to the DPRK of a LWR project
with a total generating capacity of approximately 2,000
MW(e) by a target date of 2003.
- The U.S. will organize under its leadership an international
consortium to finance and supply the LWR project to be
provided to the DPRK. The U.S., representing the international
consortium, will serve as the principal point of contact
with the DPRK for the LWR project.
- The U.S., representing the consortium, will make best
efforts to secure the conclusion of a supply contract
with the DPRK within six months of the date of this Document
for the provision of the LWR project. Contract talks will
begin as soon as possible after the date of this Document.
- As necessary, the U.S. and the DPRK will conclude a
bilateral agreement for cooperation in the field of peaceful
uses of nuclear energy.
2) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance
from the U.S. President, the U.S., representing the consortium,
will make arrangements to offset the energy foregone due
to the freeze of the DPRK’s graphite-moderated reactors
and related facilities, pending completion of the first
LWR unit.
- Alternative energy will be provided in the form of
heavy oil for heating and electricity production.
- Deliveries of heavy oil will begin within three months
of the date of this Document and will reach a rate of
500,000 tons annually, in accordance with an agreed schedule
of deliveries.
3) Upon receipt of U.S. assurances for the provision of
LWR’s and for arrangements for interim energy alternatives,
the DPRK will freeze its graphite-moderated reactors and
related facilities and will eventually dismantle these reactors
and related facilities.
- The freeze on the DPRK’s graphite-moderated reactors
and related facilities will be fully implemented within
one month of the date of this Document. During this one-month
period, and throughout the freeze, the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) will be allowed to monitor this freeze,
and the DPRK will provide full cooperation to the IAEA
for this purpose.
- Dismantlement of the DPRK’s graphite-moderated
reactors and related facilities will be completed when
the LWR project is completed.
- The U.S. and the DPRK will cooperate in finding a method
to store safely the spent fuel from the 5 MW(e) experimental
reactor during the construction of the LWR project, and
to dispose of the fuel in a safe manner that does not
involve reprocessing in the DPRK.
4) As soon as possible after the date of this document
U.S. and DPRK experts will hold two sets of experts talks.
- At one set of talks, experts will discuss issues related
to alternative energy and the replacement of the graphite-moderated
reactor program with the LWR project.
- At the other set of talks, experts will discuss specific
arrangements for spent fuel storage and ultimate disposition.
II. The two sides will move toward full normalization of
political and economic relations.
1) Within three months of the date of this Document, both
sides will reduce barriers to trade and investment, including
restrictions on telecommunications services and financial
transactions.
2) Each side will open a liaison office in the other’s
capital following resolution of consular and
other technical issues through expert level discussions.
3) As progress is made on issues of concern to each side,
the U.S. and the DPRK will upgrade bilateral relations to
the Ambassadorial level.
III. Both sides will work together for peace and security
on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula.
1) The U.S. will provide formal assurances to the DPRK,
against the threat or use of nuclear weapons by the U.S.
2) The DPRK will consistently take steps to implement
the North-South Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization
of the Korean Peninsula.
3) The DPRK will engage in North-South dialogue, as this
Agreed Framework will help create an atmosphere that promotes
such dialogue.
IV. Both sides will work together to strengthen the international
nuclear non proliferation regime.
1) The DPRK will remain a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and will allow implementation of
its safeguards agreement under the Treaty.
2) Upon conclusion of the supply contract for the provision
of the LWR project, ad hoc and routine inspections will
resume under the DPRK’s safeguards agreement with the
IAEA with respect to the facilities not subject to the freeze.
Pending conclusion of the supply contract, inspections required
by the IAEA for the continuity of safeguards will continue
at the facilities not subject to the freeze.
3) When a significant portion of the LWR project is completed,
but before delivery of key nuclear components, the DPRK
will come into full compliance with its safeguards agreement
with the IAEA (INFCIRC/403), including taking all steps
that may be deemed necessary by the IAEA, following consultations
with the Agency with regard to verifying the accuracy and
completeness of the DPRK’s initial report on all nuclear
material in the DPRK.
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